शिक्षण में शिक्षण नीतियां और शिक्षण प्रविधियों का व्यावहारिक अनुप्रयोग

प्रभावी शिक्षण हेतु यह आवश्यक है कि कक्षा में जाने से पूर्व ही शिक्षक यह सुनिश्चित कर कि किसी निश्चित कक्षा में शिक्षण कार्य हेतु चयनित "प्रकरण विशेष' के अन्तर्गत छात्र व्यवहार में वांछित परिवर्तन हेतु निर्धारित उद्देश्यों की प्राप्ति किस प्रकार होगी, तथा ये भी तय करे कि किसी निश्चित उद्देश्य को प्राप्त करने हेतु कितने विशिष्ट उद्देश्य निर्मित किए जाएं, जिन्हें प्राप्त करने के लिए कक्षा की समय सीमा को ध्यान में रखते हुए प्रकरण विशेष को कितने शिक्षण बिन्दुओं में विभाजित करे। साथ ही यह सुनिश्चित करे कि प्रत्येक शिक्षण बिंदु को छात्रों के मन मस्तिष्क पर साकार रूप में उकेरने हेतु किन-कन शिक्षण विधियों का प्रयोग करेगा? इनमें कौन-कौन से प्रांसागिक उदाहरणों का प्रयोग करेगा, जिन्हें छात्र जीवन से जोड़ते हुए उपर्युक्त शिक्षण बिंदुओं की व्याख्या को और अधिक स्पष्ट व प्रभावशाली बना सकेगा। इसके अतिरिक्त शिक्षण को अधिक प्रभावी बनाने के लिए शिक्षक को यह भी निश्चित करना चाहिए कि उपर्युक्त उदाहरणां को प्रस्तुत करने हेतु वह कौन-कौन सी शिक्षण प्रविधियों का प्रयोग करेगा एवं इन प्रविधियों के प्रयोग के लिए वह वर्तमान में शिक्षक के समक्ष उपलब्ध कौन सी शिक्षण तकनीक का प्रयोग करेगा जो वर्तमान परिस्थितियों एवं उपलब्ध संसाधनों में सर्वोत्तम हो तथा सैद्धान्तिक एवं वैज्ञानिक रूप से न्यायोचित भी हो। शिक्षक को यह ज्ञात होना चाहिए कि उपर्युक्त योजनाबद्ध शिक्षण छात्र में किस हद तक रूचि उत्पन्न करेगा तथा कक्षा विशेष के विद्यार्थियों को तार्किक चिन्तन हेतु प्रेरित करते हुए उसके संज्ञानात्मक, भावात्मक तथा कियात्मक पक्षों को किस प्रकार एवं कितने अंश तक प्रभावित करेगा?

शिक्षण का उद्देश्य उपलब्ध जानकारी को आत्मसात करने में छात्र की सहायता एवं मार्गदर्शन करना एवं प्रत्ययों का वास्तविक जीवन में उपयोग करना है। अतः एक शिक्षक को अनिवार्य रूप से उपर्युक्त प्रत्ययों की जानकारी होने के साथ-साथ परिस्थिति विशेष में उनका सर्वोत्तम प्रयोग करने में दक्ष होना चाहिए। जहाँ शिक्षण नीति शिक्षक द्वारा निर्मित पाठ-योजना को दिशा प्रदान करती है वहीं शिक्षण विधि छात्रों की प्रत्ययों को प्राप्त करने की जिज्ञासा को उचित अंश में पूर्णता प्रदान कर शान्त करने का कार्य करती है, शिक्षण प्रविधि छात्रों में प्रस्तुत प्रत्यय में रूचि उत्पन्न करती है तो शिक्षण युक्तियाँ विभिन्न प्रकार से प्रत्ययों पर अधिपत्य करने का अवसर प्रदान करती हैं। वर्तमान शिक्षण प्रकिया में छात्र केन्द्रित शिक्षण को ध्यान में रखते हुए अन्वेषण, समीक्षा, योजना पद्वति, वाद-विवाद, ब्रेन-स्टॉर्मिंग, अभिनय, संवेदनशील प्रशिक्षण, स्वतन्त्र अध्ययन आदि जनतांत्रिक शिक्षण नीतियों को सर्वोत्तम माना गया है।

इसी तरह अन्य सभी शिक्षण बिंदुओं को उनकी प्रकृति एवं विषयवस्तु के अनुसार प्रस्तुत करने हेतु उनके लिए उपयुक्त शिक्षण विधि, शिक्षण प्रविधि तथा सर्वोत्तम उदाहरणों का प्रयोग करते हुए पूर्ण प्रकरण को छात्रों के समक्ष निर्धारित समय में रखने हेतु कौन सी शिक्षण नीति का प्रयोग करते हुए आज की कक्षा विशेष में किन किन व्यवहारिक उद्देश्यों की प्राप्ति सुनिश्चित हो सकेगी, शिक्षक को इससे भली भांति परिचित होना भी नितान्त आवश्यक है।

स्पष्ट है कि उपरोक्त शिक्षण व्यवस्था को कक्षाकक्ष में सम्पूर्ण प्रभाव में लागू करने हेतु निश्चित रूप से शिक्षक को अधिकाधिक शिक्षण कौशलों, शिक्षण नीतियों, विधियों, प्रविधियों, एवं शिक्षण युक्तियों का ज्ञान होने के साथ-साथ कक्षाकक्ष में उन्हें उपलब्ध सीमित संसाधनों में सर्वोत्तम प्रकार से लागू करने के कला में निपुण होना अनिवार्य एवं अपरिहार्य है जिनके अभाव में शिक्षक अपूर्ण एवं अप्रभावी प्रतीत होने लगता ह।

मोर पाल सिंह, असिस्टेंट प्रोफेसर (एम.एड. विभाग), 

India & Happiness

The research suggests that happiness is a combination of how satisfied you are with your life and how good you feel on a day-to-day basis. Both of these are relatively stable—that is, our life changes, and our mood fluctuates, but our general happiness is more genetically determined than anything else.

Below is the list of the top 10 happiest countries around the globe:

 [1] Finland, [2] Denmark, [3] Norway, [4] Iceland, [5] Netherlands, [6] Switzerland,

 [7] Sweden, [8] New Zealand, [9] Canada, [10] Austria

The World Happiness Report for 2019 has put Finland on the top spot on the happiest country for the second consecutive year. According to the reports, Finland is the happiest country amongst 156 nations surveyed by the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network. India [140] has dropped down seven spots in the happiness rankings as compared to its 2018 [133] ranking. The immediate neighbors of India including Pakistan (67) China (93), Bhutan (95), Nepal (100), Bangladesh (125) and Sri Lanka (130) are way ahead in the happiness rankings. The report also admits that despite the increase in income level the people remains unhappy. Now the main question before government is to find out the reasons of unhappiness in the country because the happy people are the asset of the country and they can contributes to the economy. 

Various factors that determine the happiness levels of a country includes life expectancy, social support, income, freedom, trust, health and generosity, amongst others.

 Some of the reasons which are responsible for dropping the position in Happiness Index are listed below:

 1. Rapid urbanization
 2. Congestion in cities
 3. Environmental pollution
4. Problems of commute
5. Question of law and order
 6. Safety regarding women
 7. Worries about food and water safety
8. Insecure about their health

Students at RBMI, Bareilly campus are continuously trained to deal with all the hazardous of their life so that they can build their social values. Time to time seminars and lectures are arranged which groom their skills in every aspect.

 ANUPAM KUMAR SAXENA (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, RBMI-BAREILLY)

                          Artificial Intelligence and Cloud Computing in a combined way

Cloud Computing is a concept which is delivering different type of services to its clients. Clients who can use cloud computing and its technology, ranges from simple single user to big corporate houses. It is the latest and trending technology widely and extensively using by big corporate houses.

Cloud give its services in three modes SAAS, PAAS and IAAS. SAAS is known as Software as a Service which is for end user who want to use service as a software. PAAS is known as Platform as a Service use by software developers for software development and the last and most important one IAAS that is known as Infrastructure as a Service for software companies if they want to use costly application and web servers.

Cloud computing provides in house demand supply depending upon needs and usage. Some big giants of Cloud Computing are Amazon ECS, Microsoft Windows Azure and many more. Currently Amazon is a leading player in this market giving its On-demand Supply to users of different domains.

Artificial Intelligence when used with cloud computing boost the power of both in a tremendous way, cloud computing provide its robustness and mobility to access from anywhere and analytics power of artificial intelligence gives a unique advancement in research activities.

Artificial Intelligence is growing at a very rapid rate from software to robotics, from aviation to medicals now we can see every where AI is marking its foot print. In this era directly or indirectly AI is affecting the human lives.

RBMI Bareilly has separate labs for both cloud computing and artificial intelligence which continuously focuses the students to learn new and latest technologies as cloud computing is a part of their learning and awareness either through course curriculum or through value addition classes. We conduct regular seminars and workshops in our RBMI Bareilly campus for students which help them in learning new trends and technology growing in the market.

Since Cloud provide its services in two modes PUBLIC CLOUD and PRIVATE CLOUD, so AI developers can use any of the service depending upon their need. A private Cloud is a proprietary network which provides secures and paid services to limited users, whereas public cloud give its services to anyone on the internet.

We are hoping for a better tomorrow with these two latest technologies as they keep on working together for the development of society.

                                                RITURAJ DIXIT (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, RBMI-BAREILLY

       Career Options in Digital Marketing in India

Digital Marketing is the fastest growing sector in India. Over the last few years Digital Marketing in India has seen an exponential growth and by the end of the year, 2020 it is expected to generate over 20 Lac jobs per year. According to Cisco’s Visual Networking Index (VNI) report, by 2021, 829 million Indians (59 percent of the population) are expected to use internet on daily basis. Out of above 829 million, 79% will access the internet through mobile.

It is hottest skill in today’s business promotion. We, at RBMI Bareilly, are using Digital marketing tool for advertisements on various social platforms like Facebook, twitter, YouTube and Instagram etc. which certainly has proved to be the effective tool for promotion and other related activities. It is projected that by the year 2020, every company around the world will have an online existence. But in order to get extraordinary search engine rankings and increase customer base, these businesses will need digital marketers those deals different types of career opportunities to individuals. For a successful digital marketer following skills are needed:

 Good knowledge about technology

 Creativity

 Analytical ability

 Willingness to experiment

 Copywriting

Digital marketing career offerings different Job opportunities such as: Email Marketer Demand of Email Marketers has increased as it offers the most promising jobs for a marketer in today’s era, Social Media Marketer Brands have started communicating about their exclusive services

on social media sites to create engagement with their followers, SEO Executive Brands, which earlier was working with SEO agencies, had started building their in-house SEO team to take care of Google Webmasters Guidelines, PPC Expert (SEM expert) - Google offers instant results through PPC ads (pay per click), which allows brands to advertise their product and services anytime and to choose their target audience based on Geographic’s & Language, Data Analyst - Analyst plays a critical role in exploring new channels for advertisers and optimizing ROI.

                   DR. RAJESH VERMA (DIRECTOR, RBMI-BAREILLY)

Artificial Intelligence: An Overview 

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been defined as science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs as defined by John McCarthy, Father of Artificial Intelligence.AI is the technology that tries to emulate human performance by learning, coming to its own conclusions and enhancing human cognitive performance as mentioned by Gartner. Machine learning, Robotics and Artificial neural networks are branches of Artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence is not a new term, its origin can be traced back to 1956, when this term was coined in Darthmouth conference, that time AI was an academic discipline. Since then its development went through various phases, in 1997 IBM’s DeepBlue beated Kasparov, world champion in chess. In 2002, Amazon used AI for giving automated recommendations. 

Artificial Intelligence is going to have deep impact on business, impacting life of every one from all the possible angles. It will change the way we live and work. AI is currently being used in various sectors like agriculture, education, health, logistics, entertainment media, manufacturing industry, construction industry to name few. For example, HR people are using it for recruitment, selection and training, Sales function uses it for customer care queries and suggestions, Finance function is using it for finding risk in investments, production is using for making production easy , fast and accurate.

Top five companies for developing AI are IBM, Microsoft, Toshiba, Samsung and NEC. IBM has about 8000 patents and Microsoft has about 6000 patents under their names. Out of 20 organizations publishing AI documents 10 are in China, 6 in US, 2 in Singapore and one each in Japan and France. India is ranked 5th in case of citable documents in artificial intelligence (2010- 2016) with 13,948 documents. 

So, Artificial intelligence will radically change the way we do business and the way we live. Human will have competition from machines. Business organizations to be successful must be ready to learn, unlearn and relearn. Importance and implications of Artificial Intelligence were also discussed at RBMI, Bareilly. 

DR. PANKAJ AGRAWAL (PROFESSOR, RBMI-BAREILLY)

Digitalization: A Boon for Small Retailer 

Digitalization gives an apparent idea of development and technology dependent world. Digitalization means computerization of systems and jobs for better ease and accessibility. Digitalization refers to the adoption in use of digital technology by the key market players. It is the process of making everything digital that can be digitized and the process of converting information into digital format. Some of the advantages that have effected and educated the society, includes- 

1. Increased Productivity- With a well-executed digitalization and document imaging plan can be reduced to a few seconds or less. 
2. Cost efficiency- Document Imaging with APTARA can help reduce these costs to minimal levels, helping you focus on core business areas and increasing the investments for value adding verticals. 
3. Easy to access and always accessible- Documents that have been converted can be easily accessed through the cloud or system using any device that has internet, anywhere or anytime. 
4. Optical character recognition: OCR techniques along with proper indexing of the data help in searching and accessing the data efficiently saving time and efforts. 
5. Enhanced security- A scanned document is traceable document. 

Digitalization has helped the retail sector too. Now many small businesses have access to a range of digital tools that allow them to increase accessibility, information availability, and customer connection. To assess how these tools improve business performance in small businesses, Deloitte surveyed more than 2,000 U.S. businesses with fewer than 250 employees, collecting responses on their use of digital technologies and performance according to key metrics such as revenue growth, job creation, exports, innovation, customer numbers, , social media for customer engagement, sales, marketing, or other business purposes, E-commerce and online scheduling capabilities via their own websites or third-party platforms, Online advertising, including ad banners on websites, social media advertising, and search engine marketing and optimization, internal productivity tools that improve internal business processes, such as cloud-based software, video conferencing, and corporate social networks. 

When the customer shops for the first time the retailers can get their personal details like phone number, email id, birthday and anniversary, occupation etc. If customer’s birthday/ anniversary are coming then they can wish their customer and add its emotional connection with the retailers. If the customer did not shop again then we can also contact with him. It will impact the customer behavior and will attract towards the retailer for future business. To make a regular customer, retailers can make the loyalty program. This type of services offered by the Exclusife.com and Nowfloats.com helps the small retailers to connect with the customers. 

In the similar manner, Digitalization has helped the education sector in the large manner. Students, while studying in the college or school can always remain up to date regarding their academics or any other activity. Online classes and lectures are being digitally arranged for easy and flexible learning. Student can now easily understand the topic in 3D through Digitalization, which once in the class was quite difficult to understand on a 2D platform. Communication with the mentors has also become easy through which results have impressively improved. With the aim to have convenient and smart education system with zero students’ dissatisfaction level, RBMI, Bareilly campus offers digitalized ambiance which allows learning in more advanced way and get themselves placed around the world with best placement opportunities. 

BHAWNA ARORA (ASST. PROFESSOR, RBMI-BAREILLY)

TECHNIQUES IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR IMPROVING CYBER SECURITY 

In this era of digitization with the rapid growth of IOT and linked devices, experts of cyber security face a lot of challenges. They need all the help to prevent attacks and respond to unauthorized access. The rapid increase in cyber security threats facing global businesses can be controlled by the integration of Artificial Intelligence into cyber security systems. Machine learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are being connected more extensively over industries and applications as the computing power, storage capacities and data collection increase. With machine learning and AI, that intensive amount of data could be broken down in fraction of time, helping the industry to identify and recover from the security threat. 

Security professionals tried to fix the flow of information. But the two fields have grown closer over the time, when the attacks have targeted to simulate the performance, not only at the human user level but also at lower system levels. CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) is a very good example of connection of AI & Cyber Security. Improvements in automatic character recognition software, which can be considered to be a huge leap in AI technology, could take the field towards more refined pattern recognition. Artificial Intelligence systems that are intended to learn and adapt, and are capable of recognizing even the smallest changes in the settings, have the capability to act much earlier towards the cyber attacks. 

Techniques In Artificial Intelligence (AI) For Cyber Security 

1. Expert Systems  - An Expert System is a computer system that imitates the decision making trait of a human and can be considered as the best example of Knowledge based system. These systems are composed of two sub-systems: the Knowledge Base and the Inference Engine. 
2. Neural Nets - Neural Nets is also called deep learning. It is an advanced branch of AI and takes inspiration from the working of the human brain. When we implement the deep learning to cyber security, the system can identify whether a file is dangerous or legitimate without human interference. This technique generates strong results in detecting the malicious threats, compared with classical machine learning systems. The victory of neural nets in cyber security is their speed. Neural nets can define the exact detection of new suspicious threats and fill in the dangerous loop holes that leave industries wide-open to attacks. 
3. Intelligent Agents - Intelligent Agent (IA) is self-sufficient entity which may gradually learn or use their knowledge base to achieve their objectives. They can be either extremely simple or very complex. ALEXA and SIRI are the examples of Intelligent Agents. They can adapt to real time conditions, has capabilities to learn new things rapidly through communication with external environment, and also consist of memory base and recovery abilities. 

In the current scenario where threats and cyber-attacks increase with every minute, the need of intelligent security system is essential. Artificial Intelligence techniques are easily adaptable yet hard to secure than contemporary cyber security solutions. Therefore AI is needed to increase security implementations and defend system from a growing number of advanced and complex cyber threats in a more effective manner. For this, RBMI, Bareilly continuously put its efforts to educate for the same by conducting the workshops, taking the classes and seminars and also by implementing in the academic structure too. With this, we thus aim that in future we may have more intelligent systems than what we have currently. 

SIDDHARTH PANDEY (ASST. PROFESSOR, RBMI-BAREILLY) 

SWATI JHA (ASST. PROFESSOR, RBMI-BAREILLY)